David Sinclair

Summary

David Andrew Sinclair AO (born June 26, 1969) is an Australian-American biologist and academic known for his research on aging and epigenetics. Sinclair is a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School and is the co-director of its Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research. He is the president of the non-profit Academy for Health & Lifespan Research and an officer of the Order of Australia (AO).

OnAir Post: David Sinclair

News

Has Harvard’s David Sinclair Found the Fountain of Youth?
Catherine Elton – October 29, 2019

Not yet­—but he sure is getting rich, famous, and having a blast while trying.

ike any dreamer, David Sinclair has a tendency to live in the future. The first time that thought crossed my mind, we were hurtling toward Worcester in his Tesla, on our way to visit one of his many companies working on an antidote to aging. Sinclair told me he’d recently discovered, using a health-tracking device, that he’s shaved a decade off his life: Biologically speaking, he is now 40, not 50. I took a good look at him. Except for the pillow he sat on while he drove, the wrinkles that formed around his eyes when he flashed his mischievous grin, and the note scrawled on the back of his hand (lest he forget something he has to do), there was no way in hell he looked anywhere near 50. He is slight of build, with nary a gray hair, and bears a passing resemblance to that forever child Alfred E. Neuman. He even says he feels like a kid, too.

I had skipped breakfast that morning to get a feel for what it’s like to be Sinclair, whose habit of not eating anything until the afternoon—along with ingesting a mysterious medley of pills—is one of his many life-extending practices. When I asked about one of the drugs he takes, he reached into his pocket and pulled out a capsule filled with a white powder that he packages himself in his lab. He has told reporters that the substance inside is a miracle molecule. I plucked it from his hand and put it in my own. It felt so light in my palm. So easy to believe. And that is precisely the problem.

From time immemorial, people have been on a fantastical quest for a substance that would extend life, or even grant immortality. The medieval alchemists sought the elixir of life. Explorer Ponce de Leon looked for the fountain of youth in what is now the southern United States but, in an ironic twist of fate, found Florida, a place where people go to grow old and die. As the centuries wore on, traffic in life-extending substances and practices became the clear bailiwick of snake-oil salesmen, charlatans, and quacks

About

Twitter

Web Links

Videos

Basic SUPPLEMENT PROTOCOL

May 15, 2023 (07:32)
By: Reverse Aging Revolution

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yCGV-Z3vhg&ab_channel=ReverseAgingRevolution

David Sinclair is a professor in the Department of Genetics and co-director of the Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging at Harvard Medical School, where he and his colleagues study sirtuins—protein-modifying enzymes that respond to changing NAD+ levels and to caloric restriction—as well as chromatin, energy metabolism, mitochondria, learning and memory, neurodegeneration, cancer, and cellular reprogramming. n

Dr David Sinclair has suggested that aging is a disease—and that we may soon have the tools to put it into remission—and he has called for greater international attention to the social, economic and political and benefits of a world in which billions of people can live much longer and much healthier lives.

Dr David Sinclair is the co-founder of several biotechnology companies (Life Biosciences, Sirtris, Genocea, Cohbar, MetroBiotech, ArcBio, Liberty Biosecurity) and is on the boards of several others. He is also co-founder and co-chief editor of the journal Aging. He is an inventor on 35 patents and has received more than 35 awards and honors. In 2014, he was on Time Magazine’s list of the “100 Most Influential People in the World,” and listed as Time’s Top 50 in healthcare in 2018.

The Biology of Slowing & Reversing Aging

December 27, 2021 (02:10:00)
By: Andrew Huberman

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9IxomBusuw&ab_channel=AndrewHuberman

In this episode, I am joined by Dr. David Sinclair, tenured Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School and an expert researcher in the field of longevity. Dr. Sinclair is also the author of the book Lifespan: Why We Age & Why We Don’t Have To, and the host of the Lifespan Podcast, which launches January 5, 2022.

In this interview, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms of aging and what we all can do to slow or reverse the aging process. We discuss fasting and supplementation with resveratrol, NAD, metformin, and NMN. We also discuss the use of caffeine, exercise, cold exposure, and why excessive iron load is bad for us. We discuss food choices for offsetting aging and promoting autophagy (clearance of dead cells). And we discuss the key blood markers everyone should monitor to determine your biological versus chronological age. We also discuss the future of longevity research and technology. This episode includes lots of basic science and specific, actionable protocols, right down to the details of what to do and when. By the end, you will have in-depth knowledge of the biology of aging and how to offset it. #HubermanLab #DavidSinclair #Longevity

Diet, Exercise & Supplements

David Sinclair’s Supplement Regimen:

  • NMN + Resveratrol: 1 g of NMN and 0.5 g of resveratrol every morning mixed in with some yogurt
    • David never shares brand names, but we know and trust 2 in particular:
      • Elysium Basis: NR/pterostilbene Combo, NR is a smaller variant of NMN that has been shown to be better at entering cells
        • We at Podcast notes have tried Basis ourselves and have heavily vetted their quality and supply chain
    • Thorne ResveraCel: 300mg NMN + 150mg Resveratrol + 250mg Quecitin
      • We use Throne products as frequently as we can given their quality and on Rhonda Patrick’s recommendation
  • Vitamin D + K2
  • Metformin: 1 g at Night
  • High Dose Statin (he has genetically driven high cholesterol)

David Sinclair’s Diet

  • Intermittent Fasting: Skip breakfast/lunch on most days
  • Eat as many vegetables/leafy greens as possible
    • Resveratrol is just one of a bunch of polyphenols that plans make when they’re stressed
  • 1 cup of coffee in the morning
  • Avoid Sugar and Carbs
  • Limit protein intake, and specifically red meat

David Sinclair’s Exercise Regimen

  1. Run 1-2x a week, at a fairly high intensity
  2. He’ll also box and lift weights 2-3x a week
  3. David frequently uses a sauna in conjunction with a cold bath
    • Joe suggests going from the sauna to cryotherapy (sounds like there’s one down the road from the studio)
      • Joe says he typically stays in for 3 minutes, takes a 10 min. break, and then goes back in for another 3 minutes

Other Longevity Tactics

  • Wearing  blue light blocking glasses a few hours before bed has greatly improved David’s sleep quality
  • Avoid X-Rays (planes and dentists)
    • Why? – X-ray scanners “change the epigenome”
      • The genome is your DNA/genes
      • The epigenome is what regulates/reads those genes at the right time
      • “What I think is causing aging is not the loss of the digital information (the genes/DNA), but the reader (the epigenome)”
        • So when we age, our cells are losing the ability to read the right genes the way we could do in our younger years
      • In short, x-rays add up over time, and act as smalls “scratches” to the DNA/chromosome. When the body repairs these “scratches”, this disrupts its ability to read the right gene at the right place (aka the epigenome).

NMN and Resveratrol Explained

  • Sirtuins are genes found to control aging in yeast cells
  • Sirtuins are a class of proteins that have two jobs:
    • 1) Regulate gene expression
    • 2) Help repair DNA damage
  • Sirtuins need NAD+ to function properly. Without it, aging is accelerated.
  • As we age, our NAD+ levels drop
    • By the time we’re 50, our NAD+ levels are about half what they were when we were 20
  • You can boost NAD+ through precursor supplementation, exercise, fasting, and by exposing yourself to cold/heat stress
  • NMN and Resveratrol are molecules which essentially mimic the effects of the sirtuin genes
    • “You can think of resveratrol as the accelerator pedal for the sirtuin genes, and NMN as the fuel”
      • “Resveratrol steps on the accelerator pedal of the sirtuin enzymes”
    • So you need the fuel (NMN) for resveratrol to work
  • For us at Podcast Notes, hands down, when it comes to a brand of NR, we can’t recommend Elysium Basis enough (use the code “podcast10” at checkout to receive 10% off). We, Matt and Yoni, have been researching the company and trying Basis out for the past 3 months. Basis is a proprietary formulation of crystalline NR and pterostilbene that supports cellular health by increasing and sustaining NAD+
  • Sirtuins need NAD to work
    • “In fact, if you didn’t have NAD in your body you’d be dead in about 30 seconds”
    • NMN also boosts NAD levels (like NR)
  • Why not just take NAD?
    • It’s taken up really poorly into cells (it’s a large molecule) – Dr. Peter Attia talked about this in these Podcast Notes

How does metformin work?

  • There are 3 pathways related to aging:
    • AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) – metformin targets this pathway
    • Sirtuin pathways – NMN and resveratrol help with this one
    • mTOR – this is a pathway in the body activated by protein/amino acids
      • The only way to effect this pathway without fasting or eating a lower protein diet, is through a drug called rapamycin
        • Peter Attia talks about rapamycin extensively in these Podcast Notes – he takes a low dose every 4-7 days
        • David doesn’t take it – he says it’s too risky to do just yet

Wikipedia

David A. Sinclair
Sinclair in 2020
Born (1969-06-26) 26 June 1969 (age 55)[2][3]
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Citizenship
  • Australia
  • United States
Alma materUniversity of New South Wales (BSc, PhD)
Known forResearch on aging
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsMolecular genetics
InstitutionsHarvard Medical School[1]
Doctoral advisorIan Dawes
Other academic advisorsLeonard Guarente

David Andrew Sinclair AO (born June 26, 1969) is an Australian-American biologist and academic known for his research on aging and epigenetics. Sinclair is a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School and the founding director of the Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging at Harvard. He is the co-author of Lifespan: Why We Age – and Why We Don't Have To.

Early life and education

David Andrew Sinclair was born in Australia in 1969 and grew up in St Ives, New South Wales. His paternal grandmother had emigrated to Australia following the suppression of the Hungarian Uprising of 1956, and his father changed the family name from Szigeti to Sinclair.[3] Sinclair studied at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, obtaining a B.Sc. in biochemistry with honours in 1991 and a Ph.D. in molecular genetics in 1995, focusing on gene regulation in yeast. He also won the Australian Commonwealth Prize.[1][3][4]

Career

Sinclair met Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor Leonard P. Guarente in 1993. Guarente had studied yeast as a model of aging, and after meeting him Sinclair, interviewed for a post-doc position in Guarente's lab.[3]

He worked as a postdoctoral researcher for Guarente for four years and in 1999 he was hired at Harvard Medical School. In 2004, Sinclair met with the philanthropist Paul F. Glenn who donated $5 million to Harvard to establish the Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging at Harvard, of which Sinclair became the founding director.[3] In 2004, Sinclair founded Sirtris Pharmaceuticals along with Andrew Perlman, Christoph Westphal, Richard Aldrich, Richard Pops, and Paul Schimmel.[5][6]

Sirtris was focused on developing Sinclair's research into activators of sirtuins, work that began in the Guarente lab.[5] The company was specifically focused on resveratrol formulations and derivatives as activators of the SIRT1 enzyme; Sinclair became known for making statements about resveratrol like: "(It's) as close to a miraculous molecule as you can find. ... One hundred years from now, people may be taking these molecules on a daily basis to prevent heart disease, stroke, and cancer."[5] Most of the anti-aging field was more cautious, especially with regard to what else resveratrol might do in the body and its lack of bioavailability.[5][7] The company went public in 2007 and was subsequently purchased by and made a subsidiary of GlaxoSmithKline in 2008 for $720 million. Five years later, GSK shuttered the Sirtris program without successful drug development.[8][9][10][11]

In 2006, Sinclair co-founded of Genocea Biosciences, a company founded based on the work of Harvard scientist Darren E. Higgins around antigens that stimulate T cells and the use of these antigens to create vaccines;[12][13] The company delisted from the NASDAQ and closed in 2022 due to lack of funding.[14]

In 2008, Sinclair was promoted to tenured professor at Harvard Medical School.[15] A few years later, he also became a conjoint professor at the School of Medical Sciences at the University of New South Wales.[15] In 2008, he also joined the scientific advisory board of Shaklee and helped them devise and introduce a product containing resveratrol called "Vivix". He later disputed the use of his name and words to promote the supplement, and resigned from the board.[16]

In 2011, Sinclair co-founded OvaScience along with Michelle Dipp, Aldrich, Westphal, and Jonathan Tilly. The company was based on scientific work done by Tilly concerning mammalian oogonial stem cells and work on mitochondria by Sinclair.[17][18] The company merged with Millendo Therapeutics in 2018.[19] In 2011, he also co-founded CohBar along with Nir Barzilai and other colleagues. CohBar aimed to discover and develop novel peptides derived from mitochondria.[20] CohBar delisted from the NASDAQ upon belief that it was a public shell.[21]

In 2015, co-founded Metro Biotech along with Washington University professor Dr. Rajendra Apte. The pharmaceutical company focused on NAD+ precursors such as NMN.[22] He also co-founded Animal Bioscience in 2017 along with his brother Nick. The company focuses on small molecule-based therapy for the pet industry.[23]

In 2022, Metro Biotech successfully urged the FDA to take actions to take NMN off the market as a supplement because Metro Biotech had registered NMN in investigational new drug applications.[24] The following year, he co-founded Tally Health, a supplement company with a stated goal to "change the way we age" at the cellular level.[25]

In 2024, Sinclair resigned as the President of The Academy for Health and Lifespan Research, an organization made up of a group of scientists that Sinclair had co-founded.[26] The resignation came after what The Wall Street Journal described as a "cascade" of resignations from outraged members of The Academy after Sinclair and his brother announced that Animal Biosceince had proven that a supplement for dogs with undisclosed ingredients reversed aging. The claim was also met with criticism and skepticism from other longevity researchers.[27][26]

Research

Sinclair has expressed the view that there is no limit to human lifespan, and that there is a backup copy of the genetic and epigenetic information in us.[28]

While Sinclair was in Guarente's lab, he discovered that sirtuin 1 (called sir2 in yeast) slows aging in yeast by reducing the accumulation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles. Others working in the lab at the time identified NAD as an essential cofactor for sirtuin function.[3] In 2002, after he had left for Harvard, he clashed with Guarente at a scientific meeting at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, challenging Guarante's description of how sir2 might be involved in aging; this set off a scientific rivalry.[5]

In 2003, Sinclair learned that scientists at a Pennsylvania biotech company called Biomol Research Laboratories had developed a biochemical assays in which they thought that polyphenols including resveratrol activated SIR2.[3] This led to publications authored in part by Sinclair in both Nature and Science in 2003.[5] However, by 2005, it became clear that the biochemical assay consists of a fluorescent probe that interacts nonspecifically with resveratrol and that resveratrol is not a SIR2 activator[11] Despite the scientific debunking of resveratrol, Sinclair maintains an outspoken advocacy for resveratrol as an anti-aging drug and supplement.[3][5][29] High-profile papers claiming age reversal of mice have also come under intense scrutiny.[30] Sinclair's lab has continued to work on resveratrol and analogues of it as part of their research program in anti-aging.[29]

In December, 2020, Sinclair's group published that three Yamanaka transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4, when delivered together in a virus, could safely reverse the age of human and mouse cells, and restore the vision of old mice and mice with glaucoma.[31] In 2023, with Bruce Ksander's lab at Mass Eye and Ear, they presented a poster at the annual ARVO conference accompanied by a company press release claiming that vision could be restored in non-human primates.[32]

In January 2023, Sinclair's lab published research in Cell purporting to support his Information Theory of Aging, the idea that mammalian aging is due to the loss of epigenetic information, and that Yamanaka factors could exert a degree of artificial control over senescence and rejuvenation in mice.[33][34] The paper received a formal reply pointing out that the treatment used in the paper is known to produce p53-dependent cell death in a 30-day period in which the mice were not observed.[35] Sinclair's claims of reverse aging have received criticism from other scientists.[26]

Bibliography

Books

In September 2019, Sinclair published Lifespan: Why We Age – and Why We Don't Have To co-written with journalist Matthew LaPlante and translated into 18 languages.[36] This was also released as an audiobook on Audible and read by Sinclair.[37] Sinclair broadly discusses his longevity practices on social media and includes them in his book. They include daily doses of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and resveratrol, which Sinclair claims are activators of SIRT1.[38]

Selected publications

References

  1. ^ a b "David Sinclair". The Sinclair Lab, Harvard Medical School, Department of Genetics. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  2. ^ Sinclair, David (2023-06-28). "David A Sinclair". Twitter. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Duncan, David Ewing (August 15, 2007). "The Enthusiast". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  4. ^ Molecules discovered that extend life in yeast, human cells
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Couzin, J (27 February 2004). "Scientific community. Aging research's family feud". Science. 303 (5662): 1276–9. doi:10.1126/science.303.5662.1276. PMID 14988530. S2CID 161459205. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  6. ^ "Sirtris S-1 Registration for IPO". Sirtris via SEC Edgar. March 1, 2007. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  7. ^ Wade, Nicholas (17 August 2009). "Tests Begin on Drugs That May Slow Aging". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  8. ^ Carroll, John; McBride, Ryan (Mar 12, 2013). "Updated: GSK moves to shutter Sirtris' Cambridge office, integrate R&D". FierceBiotech. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  9. ^ "GSK absorbs controversial 'longevity' company: News blog". Nature Blog. Archived from the original on 2013-12-17. Retrieved 2017-08-17..
  10. ^ McBride, Ryan (12 August 2010). "Former Sirtris Execs' Nonprofit Starts Selling Resveratrol with Potential Anti-Aging Effects Online". Xconomy. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  11. ^ a b Kaeberlein, Matt; McDonagh, Thomas; Heltweg, Birgit; Hixon, Jeffrey; Westman, Eric A.; Caldwell, Seth D.; Napper, Andrew; Curtis, Rory; DiStefano, Peter S.; Fields, Stanley; Bedalov, Antonio; Kennedy, Brian K. (2005-04-29). "Substrate-specific activation of sirtuins by resveratrol". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (17): 17038–17045. doi:10.1074/jbc.M500655200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 15684413.
  12. ^ Richtel, Matt (16 May 2007). "Warding Off Diseases, Many Vaccines at a Time". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  13. ^ McBride, Ryan (May 1, 2008). "Polaris' Bitterman is humble about his early VC success". Boston Business Journal. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  14. ^ Bayer, Max (24 May 2022). "Genocea closes up shop after failing to find a buyer, delists from Nasdaq". Fierce Biotech. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  15. ^ a b "Professor David Sinclair | School of Medical Sciences". medicalsciences.med.unsw.edu.au. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
  16. ^ Goldstein, Jacob (26 December 2008). "Harvard Researcher Tied to Shaklee 'Anti-Aging Tonic' Vivix". WSJ. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  17. ^ "OvaScience S-1". OvaScience via SEC Edgar. August 29, 2012. Archived from the original on May 14, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  18. ^ Weintraub, Karen (December 9, 2016). "Can fertility startup OvaScience really help women conceive late in life, as promised?". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  19. ^ "Once a multibillion dollar company, OvaScience ends a pennystock vehicle for Millendo's reverse merger".
  20. ^ Grant, Bob (May 1, 2015). "Follow the Funding". The Scientist. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
  21. ^ "CohBar, Inc.: Notice of Delisting or Failure to Satisfy a Continued Listing Rule or Standard; Transfer of Listing (Form 8-K)". CohBar, Inc. 2023-11-27. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  22. ^ Ciardha, Victor (19 June 2024). "A Sneak Peek of Sinclair's MetroBiotech Lab and New NMN Clinical Trials". NMN. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  23. ^ Kerwin, Nicole (5 March 2024). "Supplement shows potential to reverse aging in dogs". Pet Food Processing. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  24. ^ "In NAC Docket, NAD+ Drug Firm Suggests US FDA Get Serious About Dietary Ingredient Regulations". Retrieved 2023-01-07.
  25. ^ "Tally Health — Welcome to a New Age". Tally Health. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  26. ^ a b c Marcus, Alex Janin, Dominique Mosbergen and Amy Dockser. "Star Scientist's Claim of 'Reverse Aging' Draws Hail of Criticism". WSJ. Retrieved 2024-04-29.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Molteni, Megan (2024-03-05). "Harvard longevity scientist sparks furor with claim about reversing aging in dogs". STAT. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  28. ^ "How scientists want to make you young again".
  29. ^ a b Wallace, Benjamin. "An MIT Scientist Claims That This Pill Is the Fountain of Youth". New York. Archived from the original on 2017-08-14. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
  30. ^ Gomes, Ana P.; Price, Nathan L.; Ling, Alvin J. Y.; Moslehi, Javid J.; Montgomery, Magdalene K.; Rajman, Luis; White, James P.; Teodoro, João S.; Wrann, Christiane D.; Hubbard, Basil P.; Mercken, Evi M. (2013-12-19). "PUBPEER Dissection of Anomalies with Figures in Declining NAD(+) induces a pseudohypoxic state disrupting nuclear-mitochondrial communication during aging". PubPeer. Archived from the original on 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
  31. ^ Lu, Yuancheng; Brommer, Benedikt; Tian, Xiao; Krishnan, Anitha; Meer, Margarita; Wang, Chen; Vera, Daniel L.; Zeng, Qiurui; Yu, Doudou; Bonkowski, Michael S.; Yang, Jae-Hyun; Zhou, Songlin; Hoffmann, Emma M.; Karg, Margarete M.; Schultz, Michael B. (2020-12-03). "Reprogramming to recover youthful epigenetic information and restore vision". Nature. 588 (7836): 124–129. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..124L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2975-4. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 7752134. PMID 33268865.
  32. ^ "Life Biosciences Presents Groundbreaking Data at ARVO Demonstrating Restoration of Visual Function in Nonhuman Primates". Yahoo Finance. 2023-04-23. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  33. ^ Yang, Jae-Hyun; Hayano, Motoshi; Griffin, Patrick T.; Amorim, João A.; Bonkowski, Michael S.; Apostolides, John K.; Salfati, Elias L.; Blanchette, Marco; Munding, Elizabeth M.; Bhakta, Mital; Chew, Yap Ching; Guo, Wei; Yang, Xiaojing; Maybury-Lewis, Sun; Tian, Xiao (2023-01-12). "Loss of epigenetic information as a cause of mammalian aging". Cell. 186 (2): 305–326.e27. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.027. PMC 10166133. PMID 36638792.
  34. ^ Park, Alice (2023-01-13). "Scientists Have Reached a Key Milestone in Learning How to Reverse Aging". www.yahoo.com.
  35. ^ Timmons, James A.; Brenner, Charles (2024-02-29). "The information theory of aging has not been tested". Cell. 187 (5): 1101–1102. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.013. PMID 38428390.
  36. ^ Finkel, Toren (2019-09-10). "The enlightenment of age". Nature. 573 (7773): 193–194. Bibcode:2019Natur.573..193F. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02667-5.
  37. ^ Sinclair, David A (10 September 2019). Lifespan: Why We Age - and Why We Don't Have To. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020 – via Audible.
  38. ^ "The Anti-Aging Supplements David Sinclair Takes | Skeptical Review". NOVOS. 2022-05-10. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Sinclair

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